Characteristics Associated with Reliability in Reporting of Contraceptive Use: Assessing the Reliability of the Contraceptive Calendar in Seven Countries.

Although the reproductive calendar is the primary tool for measuring contraceptive dynamics in low-income settings, the reliability of calendar data has seldom been evaluated, primarily due to the lack of longitudinal panel data. In this research, we evaluated the reproductive calendar using data from the Performance Monitoring for Action Project. We used population-based longitudinal data from nine settings in seven countries: Burkina Faso, Nigeria (Kano and Lagos States), Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa and Kongo Central Provinces), Kenya, Uganda, Cote d'Ivoire, and India. To evaluate reliability, we compared the baseline cross-sectional report of contraceptive use (overall and by contraceptive method), nonuse, or pregnancy with the retrospective reproductive calendar entry for the corresponding month, measured at follow-up. We use multivariable regressions to identify characteristics associated with reliability or reporting. Overall, we find that the reliability of the calendar is in the "moderate/substantial" range for nearly all geographies and tests (Kappa statistics between 0.58 and 0.81). Measures of the complexity of the calendar (number of contraceptive use episodes, using the long-acting method at baseline) are associated with reliability. We also find that women who were using contraception without their partners/husband's knowledge (i.e., covertly) were less likely to report reliably in several countries.

Indigenous ecological calendars and seasonal vector-borne diseases in the Colombian Amazon: an intercultural and interdisciplinary approach / Calendarios ecológicos indígenas y enfermedades estacionales transmitidas por vectores en la Amazonia colombiana: un enfoque intercultural e interdisciplinario

Traditional ecological knowledge of indigenous groups in the southeastern Colombian Amazon coincides in identifying the two main hydrological transition periods (wet-dry: August-November; dry-wet: March-April) as those with greater susceptibility to disease in humans. Here we analyze the association between indigenous knowledge about these two periods and the incidence of two vector-borne diseases: malaria and dengue. We researched seven "ecological calendars" from three regions in the Colombian Amazon, malaria and dengue cases reported from 2007 to 2019 by the Colombian National Institute of Health, and daily temperature and precipitation data from eight meteorological stations in the region from 1990-2019 (a climatological normal). Malaria and dengue follow a seasonal pattern: malaria has a peak from August to November, corresponding with the wet-dry transition (the "season of the worms" in the indigenous calendars), and dengue has a peak in March and April, coinciding with the dry-wet transition. Previous studies have shown a positive correlation between rainfall and dengue and a negative correlation between rainfall and malaria. However, as the indigenous ecological knowledge codified in the calendars suggests, disease prediction cannot be reduced to a linear correlation with a single environmental variable. Our data show that two major aspects of the indigenous calendars (the time of friaje as a critical marker of the year and the hydrological transition periods as periods of greater susceptibility to diseases) are supported by meteorological data and by the available information about the incidence of malaria and dengue.(AU)

Los conocimientos ecológicos tradicionales de grupos indígenas del sureste de la Amazonia colombiana coinciden en identificar dos principales periodos de transición hidrológica (seco-húmedo: agosto-noviembre; húmedo-seco: marzo-abril) como los de mayor susceptibilidad a enfermedades en humanos. Aquí analizamos la asociación entre el conocimiento indígena sobre estos dos periodos y la incidencia de dos enfermedades transmitidas por vectores: malaria y dengue. Investigamos siete calendarios ecológicos de tres regiones en la Amazonia colombiana, casos de dengue y malaria reportados de 2007 hasta 2019 por el Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia y datos diarios de temperatura y precipitación de ocho estaciones meteorológicas en la región, de 1990 a 2019 (una normal climatológica). Malaria y dengue siguen un patrón estacional, la malaria tiene un pico de agosto a noviembre, correspondiendo con la transición húmedo-seco (el "tiempo de gusano" según los calendarios indígenas), mientras que dengue tiene un pico de marzo a abril, coincidiendo con la transición seco-húmedo. Estudios previos mostraron una correlación positiva entre precipitación y dengue, y una correlación negativa entre precipitación y malaria. Sin embargo, como lo sugiere el conocimiento ecológico codificado en los calendarios indígenas, la predicción de enfermedades no puede reducirse a una correlación lineal con una sola variable medioambiental. Nuestros datos muestran que dos aspectos principales de los calendarios indígenas (el tiempo de friaje como un marcador crítico anual y los periodos de transición hidrológica como épocas de mayor susceptibilidad a enfermedades) están soportados por datos meteorológicos e información disponible acerca de la incidencia de malaria y dengue.(AU)

High training/competition ratio, less incidence of injury? Professional football calendar exploration

Objectives: This study theorizes that a high training/competition ratio predisposes to fewer injuries in professional footballers. This has not been studied in elite professional players. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of injuries in professional players who had a frequency of one competition per week for twelve seasons. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of recovery-training cycles lasting from five to eight days between competitions.MethodThis research is an analysis of prospectively recorded data on injuries in an Argentine professional football team. Data was collected throughout twelve seasons and on a daily basis.ResultsThe evaluated team had a frequency of 3.85 competitions per month and the ratio was 8.4 training hours per match hour throughout this twelve-year study. The injury incidence rate obtained in this investigation was 4.2 per 1000 training and competition hours. The injury incidence rate in training sessions was 2.3 injuries per 1000 training hours. The injury incidence rate in competition was 20.5 injuries per 1000 competition hours. Of 65% of all injuries, players returned to play (RTP) within seven days, with medical and kinesiological treatment customized for each athlete. Comparison tables with European Football are shown.ConclusionsSports calendars with a high training/competence ratio and a recovery/training period lasting from 5 to 8 days between competitions could cause a decrease in injuries requiring longer RTP time and result in a relatively low injury incidence rate in professional footballers. (AU)

Students' Input on Preparing a Weekly Calendar of Individual Students in the Breast Surgery Clinical Clerkship.

Background; Until 2018, the Breast and Endocrine surgery had no student calendar. A questionnaire survey was conducted on how students felt by creating a weekly schedule of individual students from 2019. METHOD: 6th-year elective courses, targeted at students who selected Breast and Endocrine surgery clinical clerkship. The schedule clarifies the contents of the training as follows; outpatient visits, small group study (preparation for graduation and national exams including mammography reading), simulator training, and surgery. The questionnaire adopted an anonymous five-point evaluation method (5; I think very much; 4; Somewhat I think; 3; Normal; 2; Somewhat I don't think; 1; I don't think), and provided a free text box. The following seven questions were asked; A. I was able to send a good training, B. I was useful for studying national and graduation exams, C. Time constraints were appropriate, D. I could fully experience surgery, E. Appropriately experienced outpatients, F. Assignments (presented at conference) appropriate, G. I was interested in Breast and Endocrine surgery. RESULTS: Average values were A. 4.7, B. 4.9, C. 4.6, D. 4.9, E. 4.8, F. 4.7, G. 4.7. However, C and F received low ratings of 1 and 2. In the free text box, there were favorable opinions such as the fact that it was good to prepare for the national examination and that reading mammography was helpful. Conversely, there were some negative opinions, such as a time spent outpatient was too long, a difference in enthusiasm among the instructors, and a hope to see more at the first visit and to cope with the procedure. DISCUSSION: Preparing a weekly calendar of individual students generally yielded satisfactory results, but also highlighted the potential for future improvements in clinical clerkship.

Nurse to adolescent health communication process: approach to Event History Calendar.

OBJECTIVES: comprehend the Event History Calendar components that are relevant for the nurse to adolescent communicative process, in the context of Primary Health Care. METHODS: reflective study, based on the Event History Calendar approach, in the relational, communicative, and educational dimensions. RESULTS: best practices for adolescent health promotion are vital and constitute a challenge to nurses. The Event History Calendar is a potential tool for research and care practices to comprehend the needs of adolescents, with reminder of key personal events, culturally and socially specific. The comprehension of retrospective data referring to activities, behaviors, experiences and transitions of life, in certain periods of time, enables dialogue and new understandings about the history of adolescents. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the Event History Calendar provides nursing professionals with an expansion of their practice in educational, relational, and communicative dimensions, as well as to instruct care planning and management.

Daylight Saving Time Transitions: Impact on Total Mortality.

In Europe and many countries worldwide, a half-yearly changing time scheme has been adopted with the aim of optimizing the use of natural daylight during working hours and saving energy. Because the expected net economic benefit was not achieved, the discussion about the optimal solution has been reopened with a shifted focus on social and health related consequences. We set out to produce evidence for this discussion and analysed the impact of daylight saving time on total mortality of a general population in a time series study on daily total mortality for the years 1970-2018 in the city of Vienna, Austria. Daily deaths were modelled by Poisson regression controlling for seasonal and long-term trend, same-day and 14-day average temperature, humidity, and day of week. During the week after the spring transition a significant increase in daily total mortality of about 3% per day was observed. This was not the case during the week after the fall transition. The increase in daily mortality as observed in the week after spring DST-transition is most likely causally linked to the change in time scheme.

Collecting Self-Reported Data on Dating Abuse Perpetration From a Sample of Primarily Black and Hispanic, Urban-Residing, Young Adults: A Comparison of Timeline Followback Interview and Interactive Voice Response Methods.

Dating abuse is a prevalent and consequential public health problem. However, relatively few studies have compared methods of collecting self-report data on dating abuse perpetration. This study compares two data collection methods-(a) the Timeline Followback (TLFB) retrospective reporting method, which makes use of a written calendar to prompt respondents' recall, and (b) an interactive voice response (IVR) system, which is a prospective telephone-based database system that necessitates respondents calling in and entering data using their telephone keypads. We collected 84 days of data on young adult dating abuse perpetration using IVR from a total of 60 respondents. Of these respondents, 41 (68%) completed a TLFB retrospective report pertaining to the same 84-day period after that time period had ended. A greater number of more severe dating abuse perpetration events were reported via the IVR system. Participants who reported any dating abuse perpetration were more likely to report more frequent abuse perpetration via the IVR than the TLFB (i.e., may have minimized the number of times they perpetrated dating abuse on the TLFB). The TLFB method did not result in a tapering off of reported events past the first week as it has in prior studies, but the IVR method did result in a tapering off of reported events after approximately the sixth week. We conclude that using an IVR system for self-reports of dating abuse perpetration may not have substantial advantages over using a TLFB method, but researchers' choice of mode may vary by research question, resources, sample, and setting.

The Electronic Pain Management Life History Calendar: Development and Usability.

BACKGROUND: Changes over time to self-managed chronic pain treatments are not a routine part of pain management discussions and might provide insight into adjustments that improve pain outcomes. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to develop and test an electronic pain management life history calendar (ePMLHC) for use with older adults with chronic pain. DESIGN: An instrument development design was used to develop and test the ePMLHC. METHODS: Twenty-four community-dwelling older adults with osteoarthritis pain completed the ePMLHC describing their pain treatment regimens and treatment response history. Accuracy of the ePMLHC data was examined through post-ePMLHC audiorecorded interviews, with the older adults describing their pain treatment history. Feedback on use of the ePMLHC was also measured. An iterative process was used to refine and retest the ePMLHC. The final ePMLHC version was examined with the remaining 12 older adults. RESULTS: Significant differences between data reported via the ePMLHC and interviews did not support feasibility of independently reported data via the ePMLHC. Older adults reported that completing the ePMLHC helped them more fully self-reflect on their pain self-management. CONCLUSIONS: The ePMLHC has the potential to enhance communication about past pain management treatments and promote more personalized pain treatment regimens, but further development is required.

Appraisal of Headache Trigger Patterns Using Calendars.

OBJECTIVE: Using experimental, yet realistic, headache calendars, this laboratory study evaluated the ability of individuals to identify the degree of association between triggers and headaches. BACKGROUND: Individuals with headache often record daily diaries or calendars to identify their patterns of triggers. METHODS: This cross-sectional, observational study included adults with migraine, tension-type, or cluster headache who had ever experienced more than 5 attacks. Participants (N = 300) were presented with headache calendars and asked to rate the strength of the relationship (how strongly one causes the other) between 3 experimental triggers (high stress, poor sleep, and cinnamon) and headache using a 0 ("no relationship") to 10 ("perfect relationship") scale for each calendar. RESULTS: Calendars with a high positive correlation between trigger and headache had higher participant ratings than those with low correlations. The median [25th, 75th] of ratings for each correlation level was low correlation: 1 [0, 4], medium: 4 [2, 5], and high: 5 [4, 8], P < .0001. However, participants appeared to ignore negative associations (ie, trigger present with no headache) and rated calendars with more headache days as having higher associations, regardless of the true relationship. The ratings for 2, 6, and 26 headache days were 1 [0, 3], 4 [1, 6], and 8 [0, 10], respectively (P < .0001). Participants' previous beliefs about the triggers also affected their ratings (average correlation across triggers: r = 0.25, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: This laboratory task supports the notion that individuals with headache are able to identify the association between headaches and triggers using headache calendars. However, these judgments can be biased by the individuals' previous beliefs about the trigger and by the degree of headache activity.

Constructing calendars in the brain.

By studying an enigmatic condition called, "calendar synesthesia", we explored the elusive boundary between perception, visual imagery, and the manner in which we construct an internal mental calendar by mapping time-sequences onto spatial maps. We use a series of demonstrations to establish that these calendars act more like real objects activating sensory pathways rather than purely abstract symbolic descriptions that bear no resemblance to an actual calendar. We propose that the calendar is enshrined in acircuitry involving the hippocampal place-cells and entorhinal grid-cells, which are connected to the angular gyrus (involved with computing sequences) via the inferior longitudinal fasciculus.

Nurse to adolescent health communication process: approach to Event History Calendar / El proceso de comunicación en salud de la enfermería con el adolescente: un enfoque desde el Event History Calendar / Processo de comunicação em saúde da enfermagem com o adolescente: abordagem do Event History Calendar

ABSTRACT Objectives: comprehend the Event History Calendar components that are relevant for the nurse to adolescent communicative process, in the context of Primary Health Care. Methods: reflective study, based on the Event History Calendar approach, in the relational, communicative, and educational dimensions. Results: best practices for adolescent health promotion are vital and constitute a challenge to nurses. The Event History Calendar is a potential tool for research and care practices to comprehend the needs of adolescents, with reminder of key personal events, culturally and socially specific. The comprehension of retrospective data referring to activities, behaviors, experiences and transitions of life, in certain periods of time, enables dialogue and new understandings about the history of adolescents. Final Considerations: the Event History Calendar provides nursing professionals with an expansion of their practice in educational, relational, and communicative dimensions, as well as to instruct care planning and management.

RESUMEN Objetivos: comprender los elementos del calendario histórico de eventos relevantes al proceso comunicativo del enfermero con el adolescente, en el ámbito de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Métodos: estudio reflexivo, desde el enfoque del Event History Calendar, en las dimensiones relacionales, comunicativas y educativas. Resultados: las buenas prácticas para la promoción de la salud de los adolescentes son esenciales y constituyen un desafío al enfermero. El Event History Calendar es una herramienta potencial a las investigaciones y prácticas de asistencia para comprender las necesidades de los adolescentes, y contiene un recordatorio de los eventos clave personales, culturales y sociales específicos. El conocimiento de los datos retrospectivos referentes a las actividades, los comportamientos, las experiencias y el paso de la vida, en ciertos períodos de tiempo, permite el diálogo y nuevos entendimientos sobre la trayectoria del adolescente. Consideraciones Finales: el Event History Calendar permite que el profesional enfermero aumente su actuación en las dimensiones educativas, relacionales y comunicativas, además de establecer planes y una gestión del cuidado.

RESUMO Objetivos: apreender os componentes do calendário histórico de eventos relevantes ao processo comunicativo do enfermeiro com o adolescente, no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: estudo reflexivo, fundamentado na abordagem do Event History Calendar, nas dimensões relacionais, comunicativas e educativas. Resultados: boas práticas para a promoção da saúde dos adolescentes são vitais e configuram um desafio para o enfermeiro. O Event History Calendar é ferramenta potencial para pesquisas e práticas de cuidado para apreender necessidades do adolescente, com recordatório de eventos-chave pessoais, culturalmente e socialmente específicos. A apreensão de dados retrospectivos referentes a atividades, comportamentos, experiências e transições da vida, em determinados períodos de tempo, possibilita o diálogo e novos entendimentos sobre a trajetória do adolescente. Considerações Finais: O Event History Calendar confere ao profissional enfermeiro uma expansão de sua atuação em dimensões educativas, relacionais e comunicativas, bem como para instruir planos e gestão do cuidado.

Co-developing Indigenous seasonal calendars to support 'healthy Country, healthy people' outcomes.

In caring for Country, Indigenous Australians draw on laws, knowledge and customs that have been inherited from ancestors and ancestral beings, to ensure the continued health of lands and seas with which they have a traditional attachment or relationship. This is a reciprocal relationship, whereby land is understood to become wild/sick if not managed by its people, and in turn individuals and communities suffer without a maintained connection to Country. It is well understood by Indigenous people that if you 'look after country, country will look after you'. Indigenous knowledge systems that underpin the local care (including use and management) of Country are both unique and complex. These knowledge systems have been built through strong observational, practice-based methods that continue to be enacted and tested, and have sustained consecutive generations by adapting continually, if incrementally, to the local context over time. This paper describes a research partnership that involved the sharing and teaching of Ngan'gi Aboriginal ecological knowledge in order to reveal and promote the complex attachment of Ngan'gi language speakers of the Daly River, Australia, to water places. This engagement further led to the incremental co-development of an Indigenous seasonal calendar of aquatic resource use. The seasonal calendar emerged as an effective tool for supporting healthy Country, healthy people outcomes. It did this by facilitating the communication of resource management knowledge and connection with water-dependent ecosystems both inter-generationally within the Ngan'gi language group, as well as externally to non-Indigenous government water resource managers. The Indigenous seasonal calendar form has subsequently emerged as a tool Indigenous language groups are independently engaging with to document and communicate their own knowledge and understanding of Country, to build recognition and respect for their knowledge, and to make it accessible to future generations.

Using an interactive digital calendar with mobile phone reminders by senior people - a focus group study.

BACKGROUND: New technologies such as mobile/smartphones have the potential to help senior people perform everyday activities. However, senior people may find it difficult using mobile/smartphones, especially the digital calendar and short text message features. Therefore, senior people might need user-friendly, flexible, and interactive digital calendars that provide them with active reminders about their everyday activities. This study focuses on community dwelling seniors' experiences learning and using RemindMe, an interactive digital calendar with active reminders, as part of customizing an intervention appropriate for senior people with cognitive impairments. METHODS: Four focus groups were conducted with 20 community dwelling seniors (11 men and 9 women) who all had used RemindMe for six weeks. The focus groups were tape recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using content analysis. RESULTS: For participants in this study, using a calendar was an essential part of their everyday lives, but only a few had experiences using a digital calendar. Although the participants described RemindMe as easy to use, they had a difficult time incorporating RemindMe into their daily routines. In part, these difficulties were the result of the participants needing to change their mobile/smartphone routines. Some participants felt that using an interactive digital calendar was a sign of modernity allowing them to take part in the society at large, but others felt that their inability to use the technology was due to their age, dependence, and loss of function. Participants found that receiving active reminders through short text messages followed by actively acknowledging the reminder helped them perform more everyday life activities. This feature gave them a higher sense of independence and control. CONCLUSIONS: Community dwelling seniors found that RemindMe was easy to learn and to use, although they also found it challenging to integrate into their everyday lives. For senior people to make the effort to develop new routines for mobile/smartphone use, a prerequisite for using a digital calendar, they need to be motivated and believe that the technology will make their lives better.

Study protocol of a 4- parallel arm, superiority, community based cluster randomized controlled trial comparing paper and e-platform based interventions to improve accuracy of recall of last menstrual period (LMP) dates in rural Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Gestational age (GA) is a key determinant of newborn survival and long-term impairment. Accurate estimation of GA facilitates timely provision of essential interventions to improve maternal and newborn outcomes. Menstrual based dating, ultrasound based dating, and neonatal estimates are the primarily used methods for assessing GA; all of which have some strength and weaknesses that require critical consideration. Last menstrual period (LMP) is simple, low-cost self-reported information, recommended by the World Health Organization for estimating GA but has issues of recall mainly among poorer, less educated women and women with irregular menstruation, undiagnosed abortion, and spotting during early pregnancy. Several studies have noted that about 20-50% of women cannot accurately recall the date of LMP. The goal of this study is therefore to improve recall and reporting of LMP and by doing so increase the accuracy of LMP based GA assessment in a rural population of Bangladesh where antenatal care-seeking, availability and utilization of USG is low. METHOD: We propose to conduct a 4- parallel arm, superiority, community based cluster randomized controlled trial comparing three interventions to improve recall of GA with a no intervention arm. The interventions include (i) counselling and a paper based calendar (ii) counselling and a cell phone based SMS alert system (iii) counselling and smart-phone application. The trial is being conducted among 3360 adolescent girls and recently married women in Mirzapur sub-district of Bangladesh. DISCUSSION: Enrolment of study participants continued from January 24, 2017 to March 29, 2017. Data collection and intervention implementation is ongoing and will end by February, 2019. Data analysis will measure efficacy of interventions in improving the recall of LMP date among enrolled participants. Results will be reported following CONSORT guideline. The innovative conventional & e-platform based interventions, if successful, can provide substantial evidence to scale-up in a low resource setting where m-Health initiatives are proliferating with active support from all sectors in policy and implementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02944747 . The trial has been registered before starting enrolment on 24 October 2016.

Executive Functioning of Older Adults Correlates with Performance of Touchscreen App-Based Puzzles.

BACKGROUND: The use of touchscreen tablets has become common in healthcare. This technology has the potential to be used as a motivational tool for cognitive training. Age-related decline in executive functioning (EF) and dexterity may lead to poor performance using tablet applications (apps), but the impact on performance of app-based puzzles has not been studied. OBJECTIVES: (1) To characterize and compare the experience performance of playing tablet apps of older and younger adults, (2) To determine if EF and dexterity contribute to performance of app-based puzzles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of community-dwelling healthy older (n = 35) and younger adults (n = 34). EF was measured by the Trail Making Test (part B) (TMT-B) and the Weekly Calendar Planning Activity. Dexterity was assessed using the Nine-Hole Peg Test. Participants played three unfamiliar app-based puzzles requiring EF and filled out the short feedback questionnaire. RESULTS: All participants succeeded in playing the apps and reported enjoyment, however, older adults perceived less success and control. Significant differences in EF, dexterity, and performance were found between groups. EF of older adults (TMT-B) accounted for 17.7%-36.8% (P < 0.05) of the total variance of performance. CONCLUSION: These findings have implications for the use of tablet apps for older adults. Longer instruction and training periods may be required for training EF among older adults.

Calendar time as an instrumental variable in assessing the risk of heart failure with antihyperglycemic drugs.

OBJECTIVE: In recent years, second-line diabetes treatment with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) increased with a corresponding decrease in thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Using hospitalization for heart failure (HF) as a positive control outcome, we explored the use of calendar time as an instrumental variable (IV) and compared this approach to an active comparator new-user study. METHODS: We identified DPP-4i or TZD initiators after a 6-month washout using Medicare claims 2006-2013. The IV was defined as a binary variable comparing initiators during October 2010 to December 2013 (postperiod) versus January 2008 to May 2010 (preperiod). We examined IV strength and estimated risk differences (RDs) for HF using Kaplan-Meier curves, which were compared with propensity score (PS)-weighted RD for DPP-4i versus TZD. RESULTS: The IV compared 22 696 initiators (78% DPP-4i) in the postperiod versus 20 283 initiators (38% DPP-4i) in the preperiod, resulting in 40% compliance. The active-comparator (PS-weighted) approach compared 26 198 DPP-4i and 18 842 TZD initiators. Covariate balance across IV levels was slightly better than across treatments (standardized difference, 3% vs 4.5%). The 1- and 2-year local average treatment effects of RD of HF per 100 patients in the "compliers" (95% confidence intervals) were -0.62 (-0.99 to -0.25) and -0.88 (-1.46 to -0.25). Corresponding PS-weighted results were -0.20 (-0.33 to -0.05) and -0.18 (-0.30 to 0.03). CONCLUSION: Both approaches indicated lesser risk of HF hospitalizations among DPP-4i vs TZD initiators. The magnitude of the estimated effects may differ due to differences in the target populations and assumptions. Calendar time can be leveraged as an IV when market dynamics lead to profound changes in treatments.

The linguistic transparency of first language calendar terms affects calendar calculations in a second language.

Calendar calculations - e.g., calculating the nth month after a certain month - are an important component of temporal cognition, and can vary cross-linguistically. English speakers rely on a verbal list representation-processing system. Chinese speakers - whose calendar terms are numerically transparent - rely on a more efficient numerical system. Does knowing a numerically transparent calendar lexicon facilitate calendar calculations in an opaque second language? Late Chinese-English bilinguals and English native speakers performed a Month and a Weekday Calculation Task in English. Directionality (forward/backward) and boundary-crossing (within/across the year/week boundary) were manipulated. English speakers relied on verbal list processing, and were slower in backward than forward calculations. In spite of the English calendar system's opaqueness, bilinguals relied on numerical processing, were slower in across- than within-boundary trials, and under some conditions had faster RTs than the native speakers. Results have implications for research on temporal cognition, linguistic relativity and bilingual cognition.